ὑπό [ῠ],
preposition with
genitive,
dative, and
accusative:
Aeolic dialect ὐπά [
Refs 7th c.BC+];
Boeotian dialect ὑπά Ἀρχ.Δελτ. [
Refs 5th c.BC+];
Ionic dialect ηυπύ only in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
ὁπύ [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; in
Epic dialect ὑπαί (also [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: this is found in [
Refs 8th c.BC+] only six times as a well-attested reading (ὑ. πόδα [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; elsewhere (before λ ν ρ ϝ) it is weakly attested as see l. for ὑπὸ (?~X ¯), e.g. ποσσὶ δ᾽ ὑπὸ (variant{ὑπαὶ}) λιπαροῖσι [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; but ὑπαὶ νεφέων is given by most codices in [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; it is not frequently in Trag. Poets, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] (ὕπο) cf. Sanskrit
úpa 'towards, near to, etc.', Gothic
uf 'under'.)
A) WITH GENITIVE,
A.I) of Place, with Verbs of motion,
from under, αὖτις ἀναστήσονται ὑ. ζόφου they will rise again
from under the gloom, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἐσιδόντες ὑπαὶ χειμῶνος αἴγλαν
from under the storm-cloud, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; especially of rescuing
from under another's power, after the Verbs ἐρύεσθαι, ἁρπάζειν, ῥύεσθαι, ἐρύειν, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
from the consequences of, [
Refs]; also ἵππους μὲν λῦσαν ὑ. ζυγοῦ
from under the yoke,[
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑπ᾽ ἀρνειοῦ λυόμην I loosed myself
from under the ram, [
Refs]; σπλάγχνων ὕπο ματέρος μόλεν, i.e. was born, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; rarely in Trag, ὑ. πτερῶν σπάσας [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; compare ὑπέκ.
A.I.2) of the object
under which a thing is or is placed,
under, beneath, with collateral sense of motion, as μοχλὸν ὑ. σποδοῦ ἤλασα πολλῆς thrust it
in under the embers, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: also without the sense of motion, ὑπ᾽ ἀνθερεῶνος ὀχεὺς τέτατο [
Refs 8th c.BC+] =
under takes
genitive in
Attic dialect,
accusative in 'Hellenic' Greek; κατακρύψας ὑ. κόπρου, which is variant in [
Refs 8th c.BC+] is called by [
Refs]; but in
Attic dialect Prose, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] is almost limited to these and a few other phrases, especially ὑ. γῆ; it is not found at all in [
LXX+5th c.BC+], Ptolemaic papyri, and
NT; [
Refs 5th c.BC+] (=
from under) [
Refs]; the Orators have only ὑ. μάλης, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. γῆς is found in [
Refs 5th c.BC+] (ὑ. τῆς γῆς), [
Refs]
A.I.2.b)
metaphorically, ἀρετῶσι δὲ λαοὶ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ
under his rule, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
A.II) of Cause or Agency, frequently with
passive Verbs, and with
intransitive Verbs in
passive sense, μή πως τάχ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ δουρὶ δαμήῃς [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; εὖτ᾽ ἂν πολλοὶ ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος θνῂσκοντες πίπτωσι[
Refs 8th c.BC+]; κλύοντές ἐσμεν αἰσχίστους λόγους. τοῦδ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς ἀρτίως we have been called shameful names
by, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κακῶς ὑ. τῶν πολιτῶν ἀκούειν to be ill spoken of
by, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; of a subordinate agent, ὑ. κήρυκος προαγορεύειν, ἀπειπεῖν κηρύκων ὕπο, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
substantive, τὸ ὑ. νόμου ἐπίταγμα (i. e. ἐπιταττόμενον)[
Refs 5th c.BC+]; so ἄτρωτον ἦν ὑ. στύγους (={οὐ τετρωμένον}) probably in [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
A.II.2) also in pregnant phrases, not only of the immediate act of the agent, but also of its further result, ὅθ᾽ ὑ. λιγέων ἀνέμων σπέρχωσιν ἄελλαι hasten driven on
by them, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος. φεύγοντες fleeing
before him,[
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἔπαινον, αἰτίαν ἔχειν ὑ. τινῶν, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II.3) frequently of things as well as persons, ὡς διάκειμαι ὑ. τῆς νόσου [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; χαλεπῶς ἔχειν ὑ. τραυμάτων [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; κατεσκεύασαν τὰς πύλας κλείεσθαι ὑ. σφύρας τε μεγάλης καὶ κτύπου παμμεγέθους γιγνομένου [
Refs 4th c.BC+]: of the agency of feelings, passions, etc, ἀνόρουσ᾽ ὑ. χάρματος [
Refs]; ἐνδακρύειν, ἀνολολύξαι χαρᾶς ὕπο, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
from courage, i. e. impelled
by courage, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδὲ σέ γε δόλος ἔσχ᾽ ὑ. χειρὸς ἐμᾶς
by my agency, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; αἰ μήτις αὐτὸς δοίη, μὴ ὑπ᾽ ἀνάγκας not
under compulsion, [
Refs]
A.II.4) ὑπό frequently serves to denote the attendant or accompanying circumstances, νέφος ἐρχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑ. Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
participle added, ἀμφὶ δὲ νῆες σμερδαλέον κονάβησαν ἀϋσάντων ὑπ᾽ Ἀχαιῶν
at their shouting, i.e. when they shouted, [
Refs]
A.II.5) of
accompanying music, to give the time, κώμαζον ὑπ᾽ αὐλοῦ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]: generally, of anything
attendant, δαΐδων ὕ. λαμπομενάων ἠγίνεον
by torchlight, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑπ᾽ εὐφήμου βοῆς θῦσαι offer a sacrifice
accompanied by it, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. φανοῦ πορεύεσθαι
by lantern-light, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. πομπῆς ἐξάγειν τινά
in or
with solemn procession, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. βίης βήξας coughing
with violence, violently, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἐτόξευον ὑ. μαστίγων, i.e. they shot and lashed, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
A.II.6) ὑ. Ἑλλανοδικᾶν, ={ἐπί} with
genitive, [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
A.II.7) in Mathematics texts, ἡ ὑ. ΘΔΗ
the angle ΘΔΗ (={ἡ ὑ. τῶν ΘΔ, ΔΗ περιεχομένη γωνία}), [
Refs 5th c.AD+]; but also τὸ ὑ. τῶν ΑΓ, ΓΒ
the rectangle contained by ΑΓ, ΓΒ, ={ΑΓ χ ΓΒ}, [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]
A.II.8) ναῦλον ὄνων γ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑ. οἴνου
laden with wine, Papyrus in [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]
B) WITH DATIVE (especially in Poets, never in [
LXX] or
NT, not common in [
Refs 4th c.BC+], of Position
under, ὑ. ποσσί [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑ. Τμώλῳ
at its
foot,[
Refs 8th c.BC+]; τῶν θανόντων ὑπ᾽ Ἰλίῳ
under its walls, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ηυπὺ τῇ κλίνῃ τούτῃ ληνὸς (or Λῆνος) ηύπυ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; στρουθοὶ ὑ. τῇ τραπέζῃ [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὑ. τῇ μασχάλῃ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὁ ὑ. τῇ γῇ ἀήρ
under the earth, [
Refs]; ἐὰν ὑ. σοὶ κατακλινῇ lies
next below you, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑφ᾽ ἅρμασι
under, i.e.
yoked to, the chariot, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; τά τε θηρία καὶ τὰς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῖς σχεδίας
under them, on which they stood, [
Refs 4th c.BC+] “*Deff.” 135.12; ὑ. τῷ δέρματι [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]
B.2) with Verbs of motion, where rest or position follows, εἷσαν ὑ. φηγῷ set [him]
down under it, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.3) in such phrases as ὑ. χερσί τινος ἁλῶναι, δαμῆναι, [
Refs]; ἐμῇς ὑ. χερσὶ δάμασσον [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
B.4)
behind, ὑ. φάλαγγι [
Refs 1st c.BC+];
under the cover or
protection of, ὑ. τούτῳ τῷ φράγματι τοὺς ὑπορύσσοντας εἶναι [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
B.II) of the person
under whose hand, power, or
influence, or the thing
by or
through which a thing is done, ὑπ᾽ Ἀργείοισι φέβοντο fled
before them, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀτῆθαι ὑ. τῷ μεμφομένῳ [
Refs]; ὁ χρησμὸς ὁ γεγονὼς ὑ. τοῖ Ἀπόλλωνι [
Refs]
B.II.2) expressing
subjection or
dependence, ὑ. τινί
under one's
power, δέδμητο δὲ λαὸς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῷ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; εἶναι ὑ. τισί to be
subordinate, subject to them, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. Χείρωνι τεθραμμένος
under the eye of, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔχειν ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτῷ have
under one,
at one's
command, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: in pregnant sense, ἵνα. πάντα ὑ. Πέρσῃσι γένηται [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II.3) of the subordination of things coming
under a class, αἱ ὑ. ταῖς τέχναις ἐργασίαι [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
B.II.4) as in [
Refs 4th c.BC+] advanced
to the music of the flute-player, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑπ᾽ αὐλῷ, ὑ. κήρυκι καὶ θεολόγῳ, [
Refs 1st c.AD+]: generally, of attendant circumstances, ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι. πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑ. ῥάβδοις καὶ πελέκεσι κατιών
escorted by the lictors, [
Refs 1st c.AD+]; ὑ. σκότῳ, νυκτί, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. πολλῷ στρατῷ
escorted by a great host, [
Refs 5th c.BC+] — ὑπό has no sense with
dative which it has not also with
genitive; but all its senses with
genitive do not belong to the
dative:—later ὑπό with
dative is found as a mere
periphrastic of the
dative, στέφος. αὐτὸς ὑφ᾽ ἡμετέραις πλεξάμενος παλάμαις [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]
C) WITH ACCUSATIVE, of Place; to express motion
towards and under an object, ὑ. σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα drove them
under, i.e.
into, the cave, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; σεῦ ὕστερος εἶμ᾽ ὑ. γαῖαν, i.e. shall die, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; κατακρύπτειν τινὰ ὑ. τὴν αὐτὴν θύρην
under shelter of it, i.e.
behind it, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; of coming
close up under a lofty citadel, ἤλθεθ᾽ ὑ. Τροίην
up to T, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑ. ταὐτὸ στέγος εἰσελθεῖν [
Refs]; πᾶν ὃ ἐὰν ἔλθῃ. ὑ. τὴν ῥάβδον [
LXX]; so ὑ. δικαστήριον ὑπαχθείς, ἀγαγόντες, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.2) of Position or Extension
under an object, without sense of motion, Ἀρκαδίην ὑ. Κυλλήνης ὄρος [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἀνθέντω ὑ. τὸν ναὸν τᾶς Δάματρος [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὅσσοι ἔασιν ὑπ᾽ ἠῶ τ᾽ ἠέλιόν τε everywhere
under the sun, [
LXX+8th c.BC+]; τὸ ὑ. τὴν ἀκρόπολιν [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑ. γῆν is more frequently than ὑ. γῆς in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; it is found also in [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὑ. γῆν
the nadir, opposed to μεσουράνημα, [
Refs 1st c.AD+]; also ἄγχε δέ μιν. ἱμὰς ἁπαλὴν ὑ. δειρήν [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὐλὴ ὑπ᾽ ὀφθαλμὸν δεξιόν [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ὑ. τὸ μέρος τοῦ ἐνοφειλομένου ὑπογραψάτω ὅσον ἰδίᾳ ἔχει [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]; κείμενος ὑ. τὸν ὀμφαλόν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; καταψύξατε ὑ. τὸ δένδρον [
LXX]; ὑ. τὸν λέβητα[
LXX]; ὑ. τοὺς πόδας[
LXX+1st c.AD+]; ἡ ὑ. πόδα (i.e. γραμμή) the
base of a triangle, [
Refs 2nd c.BC+] “*Mens.” 55; also ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς. λεύσσουσαι πέπλους
holding them
up to the light, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; also ὑ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν
close to the eye, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]: of subordinate position. κατακλίνεσθαι ὑ. τινά [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]; τίς ὑ. τίν; who is
next to whom, [
Refs 1st c.AD+]
C.2.b) in Mathematics texts, ὁ κύβος ὁ ὑ. τὴν. σφαῖραν
inscribed in the sphere, [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]; ὑ. τὰν αὐτὰν γωνίαν
subtending, [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]
C.3) of the logical subordination of things
under a class, τῶν ἑτερογενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾽ ἄλληλα τεταγμένων [
Refs 4th c.BC+]; οἱ ὑ. τὸ ψεῦδος τεταγμένοι
in the category of, [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]
C.II) of
subjection, control, dependence, never in [
Refs 8th c.BC+], etc. (see. ἥλιος [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]; τοῦ τοπαρχοῦντος ὑ. σέ [
Refs 3rd c.BC+]; στρατενσάμενον ὑ. ἄρχοντα Ἀντίοχον [
Refs]; μηδὲ ὑ. δεσπότην ὤν [
LXX]; for ὑ. χεῖρα, see at {χεί; οἱ ὑ. τινά} [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.III) of Time,
in the course of, during, or to be left untranslated in English, ἐκέλευε Τοωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι νύχθ᾽ ὕ. τήνδ᾽ ὀλοήν [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὑ. τὴν πρώτην ἐπελθοῦσαν νύκτα ἀπέδρη[
LXX]: rarely with stress on the
duration, πάνθ᾽ ὑ. μηνιθμόν
throughout its continuance, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; οὐδὲν τῶν κατ᾽ Αἴγυπτον ὑ. ταῦτα ἑτεροιωθῆναι
during that time, [
Refs]
C.III.2) also of Time,
about, sometimes more precisely
at, and of events,
about or
at the time of, ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν χρόνον ὅτε. [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑφ᾽ ἕνα καιρόν
at one time, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. τὴν ἑωθινήν, ὑ. τὴν ὄρφνην, [
NT+2nd c.BC+]; ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς περιπάτους ὑ. τὸ ψῦχος
in the cool of the morning, [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὑφ᾽ ἓν πάντες all
at once,
at the same time, [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]; παιδάριον ὑ. τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἑπτὰ καὶ πέντε στίχους συνεῖρον
in one breath, [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὑφ᾽ ἓν ἐκτρῖψαι
at one blow, [
LXX]; ὑ. μίαν ἄρσιν καὶ θέσιν ἀνατείνοντες καὶ κατατιθέμενοι, of a squad of diggers, [
Refs]; ὑ. μίαν φωνήν Aristeas 178; πῶς γὰρ ἂν ὑ. τὰς αὐτὰς ἡμέρας ἔν τε τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ. πολεμήσει;
at the same time, [
Refs 2nd c.AD+]; sometimes with
participle, ὑ. τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα
at the time of its burning, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. τὴν κατάλυσιν τοῦ πολέμου
just at the end, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. τὸν θυμὸν ἐκ χειρὸς ἐπιστρατευσαμένων
at the very time of their anger, [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; παραδόντω τοῖς αἱρεθεῖσι εἰς τὸν ὑπ᾽ αὐτὰ (or ὕπαυτα as
adverb ={ἑξῆς}) ἐνιαυτόν [
Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὑ. κύνα [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
C.IV) of accompaniment, ὑπὸ ὄρχησίν τε καὶ ᾠδήν [
Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὑ. κήρυκα (see. κῆρυξ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
C.IV.2) ὄνον ἕνα ὑ. λαχανόσπερμον
laden with, Meyer [
Refs 1st c.AD+]; ὄνοι ὑ. δένδρα [
Refs 3rd c.AD+]; compare above [
Refs 4th c.BC+]
D) POSITION: ὑ. can follow its
substantive, becoming by anastrophe ὕπο. It is frequently separated from the
substantive by intervening words, as in [
Refs 8th c.BC+] —ὑπαί is placed after its case in [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
E) AS
adverb,
under, below, beneath, frequently in [
Refs 8th c.BC+]; especially of young animals,
under the mother, i.e.
at the breast, [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
E.2)
behind, [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
E.II) ὑπ᾽ ἐκ or ὑπέκ, see at {ὑπέκ}.—In [
Refs 8th c.BC+] the separation of the
preposition from its Verb by tmesis is very frequently, and sometimes it follows, in which case it suffers anastrophe, φυγὼν ὕπο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ [
Refs 8th c.BC+]
F) IN COMPOSITION (joined with other words):
F.I)
under, as well of rest as of motion, as in ὕπειμι, ὑποβαίνω, etc.
F.I.2) of the
casing or
covering of one thing with another, as ὑπάργυρος, ὑπόχρυσος.
F.I.3) of the
agency or
influence under which a thing is done, to express subjection or subordination, ὑποδαμνάω, ὑποδμώς, ὑφηνίοχος, compare ἐπί [
Refs]
F.II) denoting what is in small degree or gradual,
somewhat, a little, as in ὑποκινέω, ὑποδεής, ὑπόλευκος (so in tmesi, ὑ. τι ἀσεβῆ [
Refs 5th c.BC+]
F.III)
underhand, secretly, as in ὑποθέω, ὑποθωπεύω, ὑποκορίζομαι, ὑπόρνυμι.